Kentucky Lawsuit Seeks Triple the Losses of All Gray Machine Gamblers

Kentucky explicitly banned skill games or so-called “gray machines” in 2023. Now, a lawsuit is seeking to recoup three times the amount of money lost by Kentucky players under an archaic clawback law.

Kentucky gray machines, skill games, Loss Recovery Act, Empathy in Action
An old law in Kentucky means that gray machine manufacturers and operators could be on the hook for three times the money lost by gamblers in the state. (Image: Courier-Journal)

The lawsuit, filed in the Franklin Circuit Court last week by charity nonprofit Empathy in Action, cites the state’s 226-year-old Loss Recovery Act (LRA), which was designed to protect the families of destitute gamblers.

Under that law, a gambler has six months to sue to recover funds lost from illegal wagering. If the gambler doesn’t do so after six months, any other Kentuckian can file a claim to recover up to three times the funds the gambler lost, going back five years.

It Worked with PokerStars

It’s not as crazy a gambit as it sounds. Just ask PokerStars. In 2011, the State of Kentucky sued the online poker giant, which had previously offered unlicensed online poker in the US because no such licensing was available.

The state sought $870 million under the LRA, triple the $290 million it claimed Kentuckians lost at the site.

This was controversial because Kentuckians hadn’t lost this figure to PokerStars, but to other players, with the online poker site taking a small rake. Nevertheless, in September 2021, PokerStars’ new owner, Flutter Entertainment, settled with Kentucky for $300 million.

If successful, Empathy in Action will donate any proceeds from its lawsuit to state programs that help fight gambling addiction and aid small businesses and rural communities. The complaint names nine companies as defendants, including leading manufacturers Pace-O-Matic, Prominent Technologies, and Skill State.

Shades of Gray

Gray machines, so-called because of their previously gray legal status, have the look and feel of slot machines but typically involve some element of skill, such as memorizing intricate patterns. The manufacturers argue this makes them legal because Kentucky gambling laws make an exemption for “games of skill.”

In 2023, the legislature expanded the state’s definition of a slot machine to include games that are “partially or predominantly based on skill.”

It’s difficult to know just how much Kentuckians have lost playing gray machines in the past five years because the industry is unregulated. Empathy in Action founder Vanessa Cantley, who is also the lead attorney in the suit, told Kentucky Public Radio that she hoped the defendants will be compelled to turn over their financial information as part of the recovery process.

“We certainly expect it to be many millions of dollars. Otherwise, they wouldn’t be so prevalent, they wouldn’t be all over the state,” she said.

Philip Conneller
Philip Conneller Senior Reporter

In Philip Conneller’s eight years with Casino.org, he has covered the gaming industry from Las Vegas to Macau and everything in between. He currently focuses his coverage on gaming law, white-collar crime, global money laundering, tribal gaming, politics, and regulation.

Philip was the original features editor for poker’s Bluff Magazine and editor for Bluff Europe, which he helped launch. His writing has also been featured in ESPN, Forbes, Time Out, The Sun, and The Daily Star, as well as iGaming Business, eGaming Review, and numerous other industry news and tech websites.

His news stories for Casino.org/news have been linked by The Washington Post, The Daily Mail, People Magazine, and Jimmy Fallon's Tonight Show, among many others.

Philip once won $20,000 with 7-2 off-suit. He has been reprimanded for unwittingly playing Elton John’s piano on two separate occasions on both sides of the Atlantic.

He became a writer because he is a lousy pianist.

Philip lives outside London with his wife and children, where he spends his time agonizing about Arsenal FC.

Contact Philip at philip.conneller@casino.org.

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